Mental health, sexual and reproductive health, substance use and connectedness among adolescents in the overseas Caribbean territories

OBJECTIVE: To analyse mental health, sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and substance use behaviours and outcomes among adolescents in the overseas Caribbean territories and their association with family and school connectedness. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: The data were collected through aschool-based survey administered to secondary school students in Aruba, British Virgin Islands (BVI), Cayman Islands, Montserrat, St Eustatius and St Maarten. Multi country analysis was conducted through pooling and weighting of the data from the six territories. Data analysis included descriptive analysis and odds ratios to examine associations between family and school connectedness and mental health, SRH and substance use. RESULTS: Data on 4883 respondents in the age group 15–19years were used for the analysis, equally divided in males(49%) and females (51%). More than half (58.8%) of the girls reported feelings of sadness or hopelessness for more than a day and 31.2% seriously considered suicide. Approximately one-third (34.9%) made a suicide plan and 70.6% of these girls attempted suicide at least once. A quarter (23.2%) of the girls and 30.1% of the boys initiated sex before age 15 years; 58.2% of the females and 57.7%of the males used alcohol in the past 30 days and 44% ofthe boys got very drunk at least once. More than half of the adolescents reported lifetime marijuana use. Statistically significant associations were found between low family and school connectedness, and feeling sad or hopeless, suicidal thought, sexual initiation before age 15years, pregnancy, alcohol and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the critical importance of connectedness for adolescents to be healthy and thrive.

Evidence on delay in sexual initiation, multiple partnerships and condom use among young people: review of Caribbean HIV behavioural studies.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a Caribbean regional profile of youth sexual behaviour associated with risk of HIV. DESIGN AND METHODS: A review of sexual behaviour surveys with youth aged 15-24 years was conducted as part of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) HIV Caribbean Office's Review and Gender Analysis of Caribbean HIV Behavioural and Seroprevalence Studies. Studies with internationally recommended indicators were prioritized. Studies were sought via database searches and contact with researchers and National AIDS Programmes. RESULTS: Inter-country comparisons and longitudinal analyses were limited by lack of uniformity in study age groups and indicators. Data were sufficient to identify the following among 15-24-year olds: .More males than females report sexual intercourse before the age of 15 years. .More than half of sexually active youth report sex before age 16 years. .First sexual encounter is usually with someone older, with age differences larger for females. .More males than females report multiple partnerships, with 20%-76% of males reporting this in the past year. .Condom use varies widely, with no clear pattern by gender. CONCLUSION: There are substantial levels of early sexual initiation, intergenerational sex among females and multiple partnerships among males, while condom use is inconsistent. Efforts to promote delay in sexual initiation, partner reduction and consistent condom use should be supplemented with initiatives against harmful gender norms, child abuse and transactional sex and skills to negotiate safe sex. Standardization of survey methods to facilitate cross-study comparisons should continue and encompass additional risk factors such as transactional sex, gender-based violence, drug use and HIV treatment adherence.

Evidence on delay in sexual initiation, multiple partnerships and condom use among young people: review of Caribbean HIV behavioural studies / Evidencias sobre la demora en la iniciación sexual, las parejas múltiples, y el uso del condón entre los jóvenes: revisión de estudios de conducta en relación con el VIH en el Caribe

OBJECTIVE: To develop a Caribbean regional profile of youth sexual behaviour associated with risk of HIV. DESIGN AND METHODS: A review of sexual behaviour surveys with youth aged 15-24 years was conducted as part of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) HIV Caribbean Office's Review and Gender Analysis of Caribbean HIV Behavioural and Seroprevalence Studies. Studies with internationally recommended indicators were prioritized. Studies were sought via database searches and contact with researchers and National AIDS Programmes. RESULTS: Inter-country comparisons and longitudinal analyses were limited by lack of uniformity in study age groups and indicators. Data were sufficient to identify the following among 15-24-year olds: * More males than females report sexual intercourse before the age of 15 years. * More than half of sexually active youth report sex before age 16 years. * First sexual encounter is usually with someone older, with age differences larger for females. * More males than females report multiple partnerships, with 20%-76% of males reporting this in the past year. * Condom use varies widely, with no clear pattern by gender. CONCLUSION: There are substantial levels of early sexual initiation, intergenerational sex among females and multiple partnerships among males, while condom use is inconsistent. Efforts to promote delay in sexual initiation, partner reduction and consistent condom use should be supplemented with initiatives against harmful gender norms, child abuse and transactional sex and skills to negotiate safe sex. Standardization of survey methods to facilitate cross-study comparisons should continue and encompass additional risk factors such as transactional sex, gender-based violence, drug use and HIV treatment adherence.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un perfil regional caribeño del comportamiento sexual de la juventud en relación con el riesgo de VIH. DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión de los estudios del comportamiento sexual de jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años, como parte del Estudio de la Oficina de VIH de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el Caribe, y el Análisis de Género de los Estudios de Seroprevalencia y Conducta en relación con el VIH en el Caribe. Se le dio prioridad a los estudios con indicadores recomendados internacionalmente. Se obtuvieron estudios mediante búsquedas de bases de datos y contactos con los investigadores y los programas nacionales de SIDA. RESULTADOS: Los análisis longitudinales y las comparaciones entre países estuvieron limitados por la falta de uniformidad en los grupos etarios y los indicadores de los estudios. Los datos fueron suficientes para identificar lo siguiente entre los jóvenes de 15 a 24 años de edad: * Más varones que hembras reportaron relaciones sexuales antes de los 15 años de edad. * Más de la mitad de los jóvenes sexualmente activos reportaron relaciones sexuales antes de los 16 años. * El primer encuentro sexual suele ser con alguien de más edad, siendo las diferencias de edad mayores para las mujeres. * Más varones que hembras reportaron relaciones de parejas múltiples; 20%-76% de los hombres reportaron este tipo de relación en el último año. * El uso del condón varía ampliamente, sin un patrón claro por género. CONCLUSIÓN: Hay niveles considerables de iniciación sexual temprana, sexo intergeneracional entre las hembras, y múltiples parejas entre los varones, mientras que el uso del preservativo es inconsistente. Los esfuerzos por promover la demora en la iniciación sexual, la reducción de parejas, y el uso sistemático del condón deberían complementarse con las iniciativas contra las normas de género perjudiciales, el abuso infantil, el sexo transaccional, y las habilidades para negociar sexo seguro. La estandarización de los métodos de encuesta para facilitar las comparaciones transversales debe continuar y abarcar otros factores de riesgo, tales como el sexo transaccional, la violencia de género, el uso de drogas, y el cumplimiento con el tratamiento del VIH.

Losartan, an orally active angiotensin (AT1) receptor antagonist: a review of its efficacy and safety in essential hypertension.

Losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is the first of a new class of agents to be introduced for the treatment of hypertension. In this review, we describe the clinical pharmacology of losartan, including its pharmacokinetics in healthy, male volunteers and special patient groups, such as the elderly, patients with liver disease and patients with renal impairment. We also review its pharmacodynamics, including safety and tolerability; specificity of action; and the effect of salt depletion. We then review the studies examining clinical efficacy and safety in hypertension.